摘要句法以句子为对象,研究句子的形式和用法。句子是人们传递信息、表达或交流思想的语言单位,更准确的说,句子是能够单独存在并能表达一个相对完整意思的语言单位。本文通过典型实例,按照句子结构划分,将句子分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句,以使句子更加容易正确理解。简单句的五大句型是英语表达中最基本的句型。在阅读中,常常需要借助于划分句子成分来帮助理解句意;在书面表达中,没有最基本的遣词造句的能力也是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚作者的思想。
关键词 句子结构 句型 热点 考查
句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句
根据语法形式,即句子的结构,英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
一、 简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。英语简单句由于所用的主要动词不同(即系动词、不及物动词和及物动词三种),就产生了简单句的五种基本句型。
(一)主语 + 系动词 + 表语 (SVP) 如:
We are teachers.
主 谓
系动词包括下面几种:
1. 表示感觉、视觉的系动词
feel, seem, appear, look, taste, smell, sound等
2. 表示变化的系动词
turn, become, get, grow, go, come, run, fall等
3. 表示保持某种状态的系动词
keep, be, stay, remain, continue, stand, sit等
以上所有这些系动词都可以直接跟形容词。
简单句根据使用目的(用途)分为四种:
1). 陈述句:用来叙述一项肯定或否定句的事实,句末用句号,读降调。
如:My sister is six years old;。
2). 疑问句: 用来提出问题。可以分为四种:一般(反问句或者说否定疑问句)、特殊、选择、反意.
如:Is she sixteen or seventeen years old?
3). 祈使句:表示请求、命令、劝告、建议、号召等。一般省去主语。
如: Don"t talk in the room.
4). 感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末用“!”号,读降调。 感叹句主要由what和how引导。what修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词或动词。
如:How clever my sister is!
(二)主语 + 不及物动词(SV)如:
The rain stopped.
主 谓
(三)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (SVO)如:
We like the delicious food.
主 谓
(四)主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (S V o O)
Tom tells him the way to the station.
主谓
(五)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语,(S V O C)如:
He called me Amanda.
主谓
二、并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句(构成并列句的简单句常被叫做分句),句与句之间通常用并列连词或逗号来连接,如:
We help them and they help us.
主 谓主 谓
The food was good, but he had little appetite.
主谓 主 谓
(一)并列句的分类
常用的并列连词可以分为四种,它们分别表示不同的关系:
1. 平行关系and, as well as, along with, not only… but (also)…, neither…nor..
如:The teacher"s name is Smith, and the student"s name is John.
2. 转折关系 but, yet, however, nevertheless, while
如:He is young, but he knows how to take care of him.
3. 选择关系 or, otherwise, rather than, either…or…
如:Hurry up, or you"ll miss the train.
4. 因果关系 for, so therefore, hence
如:The weather is fine, so I want to go shopping.
三、复合句(Complex Sentences):有两个或更多的主谓结构,通常由一个主句和一个分句构成。 在复合句中,主句是句子的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句是主句的一个句子成分,不能独立存在,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分。可以根据从句在主句中所发挥的语法功能对复合句进行分类:名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句。
如:I was about to leave, when the telephone rang.
主句从句
He said that he would come.
主句从句
(一)名词性从句: 在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 这些统称为名词性从句。
1. 主语从句 :在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。
为了保持句子平衡,主语从句常用it作形式主语,将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种:
1)It is + 名词 + that从句
2)It is + 形容词 + that从句
2. 宾语从句:在复合句中作主句的宾语。它可以作主句谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词的宾语。
如:He asked his girlfriend if she has received his letter.
3. 表语从句:放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。
如:The problem is that the family is short of money right now.
4. 同位语从句:用于对前面的名词作进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导。同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision等后面。
如:The news that he will come to see me makes me happy.
(二)定语从句:在复合句中,修饰某一名词、词组或代词的从句。被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫做先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词引出。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。其中that 可以修饰人或物,在句中做主语或宾语,which 用来修饰物,在句中做主语或宾语,who 用来修饰人在句中做主语或宾语, whom用来修饰人在句中做主宾语, whose可以修饰人或物,在句中做定语(若指物,它还可以同of which互换),as可以修饰人或物或事情,在句中做主语或宾语。
如:That’s the teacher who /that teaches us English.
He is the man (whom /that)she is looking for.
The professor whose husband teaches you English has been to Germany.
The house whose(of which) windows were damaged has been repaired.
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词有:when, where, why等
1) when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,
如:we’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
2) Where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,
如:This is the place where I studied in my childhood.
3) Why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,
如:Is this the reason why she refused his offer?
3. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
定语从句分限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句两种。
1) 限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语从句,如果将这种定语从句省去,主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。不用逗号分开.
如: She is the nurse who looks after my uncle.
2) 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明,如果将这种定语从句省去,也不至于影响主句的意思,它和主句之间常用逗号分开,
如: The gift is from my mother, who is working in the factory.
4. as 可作为关系代词来引导定语从句
1) as 引导的非限制性定语从句,相当于which引导的非限制性定语从句
如:He is from Beijing, as you know.
He is from Beijing, which you know.
2) 关系代词常出现在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中。
如:Such books as you bought are useful.
The school is just the same as it was 20 years age.
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,但不同之处主要位置上:as可置于句首也可在另处,而which不可置于句首。
如:As you know , he is from Beijing.
He is from Beijing, which you know.
5. 关系代词that 的用法
1) 关系代词that 与which 用法的区别
(1) which 可以引导一个非限制性定语从句,that 则不能,
如: He had failed in the English, which made his father very angry.
(2)Which 之前可以有介词,that 之前则不能,
如: This is the house in which Tom used to live.
2) 只能用that,而不能用 which 的情况
(1) 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few,none 等不定代词时,
如: That is all that I want to tell you.
(2) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时,
如: The first place that I visited in China was the Great Wall.
This is the most beautiful place that I have seen.
(3) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the just 等词修饰时,
如: Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.
(4)当先行词中既有人又有物时,
如:He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.
(5) 当主句已有疑问词who或which时,
如: Who that you have even seen can do better?
Which are the books that you bought for me?
(6) 如果有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是 which ,另一句则用that,
如: Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
(三)状语从句: 在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。
1. 时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever等引导。
如: I can"t recognize you. You have changed a lot since I met you last time.
2. 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever等引导。
如:Anywhere she goes, her brother goes too.
3. 原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导。
如:Mary eats ice-cream so much because she likes sweet food.
4. 目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that...等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。
如:Jim got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.
5. 结果状语从句通常由so that..., so...that...等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。
如:Tom lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.
6. 让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。
如: She wears a T-shirt though it is cold today.
7. 条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。
如:You will fail in the coming final exams unless you work as hard as you can.
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we shall go skating.
参考书目
[1] 张光珞,英语必备大全。内蒙古:内蒙古大学出版社,2005。
[2] 薄冰,薄冰英语语法详解。山西:山西教育出版社,2004。
[3] 陆林,大学英语语法。天津:南开大学出版社,2007。